MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA, Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment.

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a type of severe reaction that occurs in response to particular medications used during general anesthesia, among those who are susceptible.[1] Symptoms include muscle rigidity, high fever, and a fast heart rate.[1] Complications can include muscle breakdown and high blood potassium.[1][2] Most people who are susceptible are generally otherwise normal when not exposed.[3]

The cause of MH is the use of certain volatile anesthetic agents or succinylcholine in those who are susceptible.[1][3] Susceptibility can occur due to at least six genetic mutations, with the most common one being of the RYR1 gene.[1] These genetic variations are often inherited from a person’s parents in an autosomal dominant manner.[1] The condition may also occur as a new mutation or be associated with a number of inherited muscle diseases, such as central core disease.[1][4]

In susceptible individuals, the medications induce the release of stored calcium ions within muscle cells.[1] The resulting increase in calcium concentrations within the cells cause the muscle fibers to contract. This generates excessive heat and results in metabolic acidosis.Diagnosis is based on symptoms in the appropriate situation. Family members may be tested to see if they are susceptible by muscle biopsy or genetic testing.